TMax:AllenAI 最强开源终端 Agent RL 配方,9B 参数 Terminal-Bench 2.0 达 27%

TMax: AllenAI's Strongest Open RL Recipe for Terminal Agents — 9B Hits 27% on Terminal-Bench 2.0

Tech-News #Agent#终端Agent#RL训练#AllenAI#开源#Terminal-Bench#Qwen#Mycelium
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🇨🇳 中文

by Mycelium Protocol


终端 Agent(Terminal-using agents)——让语言模型直接操作 Shell、跑命令、完成真实计算机任务——已经成为当前最热门的 LM 下游应用。但与这个方向的热度形成反差的是:基于 RL 的训练方法在学术上几乎是空白

难 benchmark、缺数据、没有可复现的基础配方,是三道门槛。

AllenAI 的 TMax(Hamish Ivison 等)正面拆掉这三道门槛:开源完整数据集、训练代码、模型权重,并给出一个用 9B 参数在 Terminal-Bench 2.0 达到 27% 的配方——超越此前更大规模的闭源模型。


核心结果

TMax-9B(Qwen3.5-9B,RL 微调)在 Terminal-Bench 2.0 达到 27%,这个数字的含义:

  • 只用 9B 参数,超过先前更大规模的工作
  • Terminal-Bench 2.0 是当前公认最严格的终端 Agent 基准之一(真实环境、程序化验证器)
  • 配方简单:outcome-only RL(结果信号,不用 process reward),没有花哨的中间步骤奖励

四阶段配方

整个 TMax 系统围绕四个模块:

1. 数据生成(rl_data/

数据是最关键的贡献之一。TMax 设计了一个组合采样器,把终端任务表示为若干正交维度的笛卡尔积:

  • 难度控制:在生成时显式标注任务难度,让模型训练样本的难度分布可调
  • 人设多样化(Personas):让同一类任务在不同使用场景下变形,增加泛化性
  • 验证器多样化:程序化验证器覆盖更广的任务类型,避免单一验证模式的过拟合

四阶段流水线:

生成任务 → 用 LLM Agent pass@k 求解 → 分析通过率和语料平衡性 → 上传到 HuggingFace Hub

每个任务都被打包成自包含的 Apptainer/Docker 环境,附带程序化验证器——可以直接拿去让任何 Agent 跑评测,不需要重新搭环境。

最终语料:15K 任务(10K 传统任务 + 5K 多模态复杂任务),比此前最大的终端 Agent 数据集大 2.5 倍

2. Agent(Vanillux2Agent/

训练和评测用的 Agent 叫 Vanillux2Agent

  • 基于 LiteLLM,直接调用语言模型
  • Prompt 框架来自 mini-SWE-agent(bash 工具 schema、submit 标记、格式错误恢复、输出截断)
  • 通过 Harbor 的沙箱环境执行命令

设计哲学:足够简单。没有多余的 Orchestration 层,让模型能力而不是 Agent 框架复杂度决定最终表现。

3. 训练(training/open-instruct/

基于 open-instruct 的 fork,修复了 Qwen3.5 的若干问题:

阶段方法说明
SFT warm-startSupervised Fine-Tuning用 pass@k 求解成功的轨迹做冷启动
RL 训练DPPO(Distributed PPO)outcome-only 奖励,不依赖中间过程信号

训练的模型系列:

  • TMax-4B:Qwen3.5-4B + RL
  • TMax-9B:Qwen3.5-9B + RL(主力模型,27% on TB 2.0)

4. 评测(scripts/ + beaker_configs/

评测基准:

  • Terminal-Bench 2.0(主要基准)
  • TB-Lite(轻量版)
  • SWE-bench(代码修复)

本地复现最简路径:

# 用 vLLM 本地起服务
uvx vllm==0.19.1 serve allenai/tmax-9b \
  --served-model-name tmax-9b \
  --enable-auto-tool-choice \
  --tool-call-parser qwen3_xml \
  --tensor-parallel-size 8 --port 8008

# 用 Harbor 跑 Terminal-Bench
uv run harbor run \
  --dataset [email protected] \
  --env daytona \
  --agent-import-path Vanillux2Agent:Vanillux2Agent \
  --model openai/tmax-9b \
  --agent-kwarg api_base=http://localhost:8008/v1 \
  -k 5

开源内容

内容位置
代码(数据生成 + 训练 + 评测)github.com/hamishivi/tmax
模型(TMax-4B、TMax-9B)HF: allenai/tmax
数据集(TMax-15K-Harbor)Harbor 注册表
论文arXiv 2606.23321

许可证:Apache 2.0。


为什么值得关注

终端 Agent 的 RL 训练此前几乎没有可复现的开源基础。TMax 填补了这个空缺,而且不是通过堆规模:9B 参数、简单的 outcome-only RL、一套可扩展的数据生成流程。

数据生成部分的设计——“把任务看作正交维度的笛卡尔积”——是一个值得借鉴的思路。它让语料的难度和类型分布变成了可控参数,而不是靠抓取人类数据碰运气。

对于想在终端 Agent 方向做研究的团队,TMax 是目前最好的起点:有基准数据、有可扩展的数据生成、有可复现的训练配方、有开源模型权重做 baseline 对比。

仓库:github.com/hamishivi/tmax · 论文:arXiv 2606.23321 · 模型:allenai/tmax


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🇬🇧 English

TMax: AllenAI’s Open RL Recipe for Terminal Agents — 27% on Terminal-Bench 2.0 with 9B Parameters

by Mycelium Protocol

Terminal-using agents — language models that operate a shell, run commands, and complete real computer tasks — have become the most popular downstream application of LMs. Yet despite this popularity, RL-based training for terminal agents remains largely uncharted academic territory. The barriers: difficult benchmarks, scarce data, and no reproducible baseline recipe.

TMax (AllenAI, Hamish Ivison et al.) dismantles all three: open-source dataset, training code, and model weights — plus a recipe that achieves 27% on Terminal-Bench 2.0 with only 9B parameters, outperforming larger models from prior work.

Core Results

TMax-9B (Qwen3.5-9B, RL fine-tuned) achieves 27% on Terminal-Bench 2.0:

  • Only 9B parameters, outperforming larger prior models
  • Terminal-Bench 2.0 is the field’s most rigorous benchmark (real environments, programmatic verifiers)
  • Outcome-only RL — no process reward, no intermediate step supervision; just final task success

The Four-Stage Recipe

1. Data Generation (rl_data/)

The data contribution may be the most important. TMax represents terminal tasks as a Cartesian product of orthogonal axes, making the corpus composition a controllable variable rather than a fixed artifact of data collection:

  • Difficulty control: explicit difficulty tagging at generation time
  • Persona diversification: the same task class varies across usage contexts for better generalization
  • Verifier diversification: programmatic verifiers across diverse task types prevent overfitting to any single verification pattern

Four-stage pipeline:

generate_tasks → solve at pass@k → analyze → upload to HuggingFace Hub

Every task ships as a self-contained Apptainer/Docker environment with a programmatic verifier — usable out of the box, no rebuild required.

Final corpus: 15K tasks (10K traditional + 5K intricate multi-modal), 2.5× larger than the largest prior terminal-agent dataset.

2. Agent (Vanillux2Agent/)

The training and evaluation agent, Vanillux2Agent, is deliberately minimal:

  • LiteLLM-based, calls the language model directly
  • Prompt framework from mini-SWE-agent (bash tool schema, submit marker, format-error recovery, output truncation)
  • Executes commands through Harbor sandboxes

Philosophy: keep the agent simple so that model capability — not agent orchestration complexity — determines performance.

3. Training (training/open-instruct/)

Fork of open-instruct with Qwen3.5 fixes:

StageMethodNotes
SFT warm-startSupervised Fine-TuningSuccessful pass@k trajectories as cold-start data
RLDPPO (Distributed PPO)Outcome-only reward signal

Models released:

  • TMax-4B: Qwen3.5-4B + RL
  • TMax-9B: Qwen3.5-9B + RL (main model, 27% on TB 2.0)

4. Evaluation

Benchmarks: Terminal-Bench 2.0, TB-Lite, SWE-bench.

Quick local eval:

# Serve with vLLM
uvx vllm==0.19.1 serve allenai/tmax-9b \
  --enable-auto-tool-choice --tool-call-parser qwen3_xml \
  --tensor-parallel-size 8 --port 8008

# Run Terminal-Bench via Harbor
uv run harbor run \
  --dataset [email protected] \
  --agent-import-path Vanillux2Agent:Vanillux2Agent \
  --model openai/tmax-9b \
  --agent-kwarg api_base=http://localhost:8008/v1 \
  -k 5

Open-Source Checklist

ArtifactLocation
Code (data gen + training + eval)github.com/hamishivi/tmax
Models (TMax-4B, TMax-9B)HF: allenai/tmax
Dataset (TMax-15K-Harbor)Harbor registry
PaperarXiv 2606.23321

License: Apache 2.0.

Why This Matters

RL training for terminal agents had no reproducible open baseline. TMax closes that gap — and it does so without scaling tricks: 9B parameters, simple outcome-only RL, a data generation design that makes corpus composition a tunable parameter rather than a fixed scrape artifact.

The compositional sampler approach is worth borrowing beyond this specific project: treating tasks as products of orthogonal axes gives you explicit control over difficulty distribution and task-type coverage, which is exactly what you need when training with RL.

For teams working on terminal agents, TMax is the strongest available starting point: reproducible benchmark data, scalable data generation, open training recipe, and open model weights for comparison.

Repository: github.com/hamishivi/tmax · Paper: arXiv 2606.23321 · Models: allenai/tmax


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